Milton J. Meza Rivas, autor en DIAR

Metaverse: opportunities, risks and policy implications

Milton J. Meza Rivas — Tue, 02 Aug 2022 16:25:40 +0000

According to an article published by the European Parliament’s research service in June 2022, the metaverse –one of the most talked about concepts in modern technology– can be described as an immersive and constant virtual 3D world where people interact by means of an avatar to carry out a wide range of activities that can range from leisure and gaming to professional and commercial interactions, financial transactions or even health interventions such as surgery.

It is clear that the metaverse will not only open up a range of opportunities, but also a number of risks in a variety of legal field.

Major tech companies are scaling up their metaverse activities, including through mergers and acquisitions. This has given impetus to a debate on how merger regulations and antitrust law should apply. Business in the metaverse is expected to be underpinned largely by cryptocurrencies and non-fungible tokens, raising issues of ownership, misuse, interoperability and portability. Furthermore, the huge volume of data used in the metaverse raises a number of data protection and cybersecurity issues.

So, following the line of research of this article, there is considerable scope for a wide range of illegal and harmful behaviours and practices in the metaverse environment. This makes it essential to consider how to attribute responsibility, inter alia, for fighting illegal and harmful practices and misleading advertising practices, and for protecting intellectual property rights.

For more information, see:

https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2022/733557/EPRS_BRI(2022)733557_EN.pdf

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Justice begins the deployment of the legal dictation system equipped with AI

Milton J. Meza Rivas — Fri, 22 Jul 2022 08:50:13 +0000

Foto: Ministry of Justice, Spain, by Luis García, 2015, Wikipedia

As part of the process of digital transformation of administration of justice in Spain, the Ministry of Justice of that country initiated in June 2022 the deployment of an advanced technology called “Sistema de Dictado Jurídico” (Legal Dictation System), which will allow the rapid and accurate production of specialised transcriptions of legal texts through voice recognition, helping to streamline and increase the effectiveness of the Spanish Justice system.

This system uses artificial intelligence technologies and deep neural networks that are useful for deep learning and incorporated into a voice recognition and translation software whose purpose is to serve as a tool for magistrates, judges, lawyers of the administration of justice or court clerks and prosecutors.

For more information, see:

https://www.mjusticia.gob.es/es/ministerio/gabinete-comunicacion/noticias-ministerio/sistema-dictado-juridico

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Autonomous weapon systems: chronicle of an international and prospective debate within the United Nations

Milton J. Meza Rivas — Fri, 22 Apr 2022 16:34:38 +0000

MEZA, M., «Los sistemas de armas autónomos: crónica de un debate internacional y prospectivo dentro de Naciones Unidas» (documento de trabajo), IEEE, núm. 41/2018, 2018.

Content summary

It is a document in which is offered a mapping of the international debate held at the UN on emerging technologies in the area of lethal autonomous weapons systems, highlighting the main contributions that until 2018 the delegations of the States Parties to the Convention on certain conventional weapons had made and, finally, the main obstacles for experts to reach agreements or common understandings related to the research, development and innovation of these weapons systems are explained.

For the full text, see:

https://www.ieee.es/contenido/noticias/2018/04/DIEEEO41-2018.html

The post Autonomous weapon systems: chronicle of an international and prospective debate within the United Nations was first published at DIAR.

Electronic Notebooks of Philosophy of Law

Milton J. Meza Rivas — Fri, 22 Apr 2022 16:27:54 +0000

MEZA, M., «Graham, Stephen. Cities under siege. The new military urbanism. (Londres: Editorial verso, 2010)» [recensión], Cuadernos Electrónicos de Filosofía del Derecho, 2016, núm. 34, pp. 336-345.

Content summary

A book review of “Graham, Stephen. Cities under siege. The new military urbanism. (London: Verse Publishers, 2010)”, through which the British author presents the results of his academic research on how, in recent years, many governments have developed policies that tend to incorporate urban issues into military doctrine, allowing military and civil security forces to invade the landscape of cities.

For the full text, see:

https://ojs.uv.es/index.php/CEFD/article/view/8126/8872

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Autonomy in future military and security technologies: Implications for law, peace, and conflict

Milton J. Meza Rivas — Fri, 22 Apr 2022 15:14:00 +0000

Image: Taranis taxiing at BAE Systems in Warton, Lancashire [Picture: Ray Troll, BAE Systems]

HUGHES, J. y MEZA, M. (eds.), “Autonomy in future military and security technologies: Implications for law, peace, and conflict”, Lancaster, The Richardson Institute, 2018.

Information summary

This compendium offers a number of useful insights –explanations of specialised terminology, statistical and scientific data, and bibliographic references, to name just a few– to expose readers of advanced researches in the field of robotics and IA applied to the research, development and innovation of new weapons with high degrees of autonomy in their critical functions (namely, in the selection and attack of targets). So, this work is as an ideal guide to elaboration on national, regional, and international policies that must consider technical, legal and political aspects of the concept of autonomy in technologies, devices and systems for defence and security purposes.

For the full text, see:

https://ttac21.files.wordpress.com/2017/11/richardson-institute-autonomy-in-future-military-and-security-technologies-implications-for-law-peace-and-conflict.pdf

The post Autonomy in future military and security technologies: Implications for law, peace, and conflict was first published at DIAR.

Artificial intelligence: the EU needs to act as a global standard-setter

Milton J. Meza Rivas — Wed, 06 Apr 2022 15:32:21 +0000

The European Parliament’s Special Committee on Artificial Intelligence in a Digital Age (AIDA) adopted its final recommendations on Tuesday March 22, 2022, concluding 18 months of inquiries.

The adopted text says that the public debate on the use of artificial intelligence (AI) should focus on this technology’s enormous potential to complement humans.

MEPs pointed out, inter alia, that the EU should not always regulate AI as a technology. Instead, the level of regulatory intervention should be proportionate to the type of risk associated with using an AI system in a particular way.

For more information, see:

https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20220318IPR25801/artificial-intelligence-the-eu-needs-to-act-as-a-global-standard-setter

The post Artificial intelligence: the EU needs to act as a global standard-setter was first published at DIAR.

Autonomous weapons: The ICRC recommends adopting new rules

Milton J. Meza Rivas — Wed, 06 Apr 2022 14:58:22 +0000

Image by CICR: https://www.icrc.org/en/document/statement-icrc-lethal-autonomous-weapons-systems

Since 2021, the ICRC recommends that states adopt new, legally binding rules to regulate autonomous weapon systems to ensure that sufficient human control and judgement is retained in the use of force. It is the ICRC’s view that this will require prohibiting certain types of autonomous weapon systems and strictly regulating all others.

From a legal perspective, ICRC considers that the lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWS) challenge the ability of persons who must apply the rules of international humanitarian law (IHL) during the planning, decision, and execution of attacks to comply with their obligations. Now, from an ethical perspective, it is the ICRC’s view that the process of functioning by using some LAWS risks substituting human decisions about life and death with sensor, software, and machine processes. This raises ethical concerns that are especially acute when autonomous weapon systems are used to target persons directly.

For more information, see:

https://reliefweb.int/report/world/autonomous-weapons-icrc-recommends-adopting-new-rules

The post Autonomous weapons: The ICRC recommends adopting new rules was first published at DIAR.

Debate between a human being and an artificial system

Milton J. Meza Rivas — Wed, 06 Apr 2022 14:45:43 +0000

In 2018, an IBM computer starred in a debate with humans in which it listened to the arguments of other speakers, refuted them, and then surprised the audience in what is considered an achievement in artificial intelligence. With “hundreds of millions” of documents at its fingertips, the vast majority articles from newspapers and academic journals, IBM’s “debater” system (as the device is called) was able to respond without knowing the subject beforehand.

The “debater” system, according to experts in the area, has shown the ability to build arguments and convince a human audience in debates between a human being and an artificial system.

For more information, see:

“IBM’s machine argues, pretty convincingly, with humans”, Lee Dave, North America technology reporter, BBC News, 19/06/2018, available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-44531132

Slonim, N., Bilu, Y., Alzate, C. et al. An autonomous debating system. Nature 591, 379–384 (2021), available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03215-w

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